Rfi 427 
.B32 
Copy 1 




IANITATION 

OF 



RVEY B. BASHORE 



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Class. 
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£J. '■: 7 



Copyright^ 



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WORKS OF DR. H. B. BASHORE 

PUBLISHED BY 

JOHN WILEY & SONS 



Outlines of Practical Sanitation. 

For Students, Physicians, and Sanitarians. 12mo, 
vi + 208 pages, 42 illustrations, manv half-tones. 
Cloth, $1.25 net. 

Sanitation of a Country House. 

12mo, vii+ 102 pages, 16 full-page half-tone illus- 
trations. Cloth, $1.00. 

Sanitation of Recreation Camps and Parks. 

12mo, xiii -I- 109 pages. 19 full-page half-tone illus- 
trations. Cloth, $1.00. 



Published by THE F. A. DAVIS CO. 
1914 Cherry St., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Outlines of Rural Hygiene. 

For Physicians, Students, and Sanitarians. Il- 
lustrated with 20 engravings, mostly original 
5^ X 7f inches. 86 pages. Bound in extra cloth, 
75 cents net. 



The Sanitation 

of Recreation Camps 

and Parks 



BY 

DR. HARVEY B. BASHORE 

Medical Inspector for Pennsylvania Department of Health 



Jfitet jEDitton 

FIRST THOUSAND 



NEW YORK 

JOHN WILEY fcf SONS 

London: CHAPMAN tf HALL, Limited 

1908 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
Two Copies Received 

MAY 16 1908 



ttowwu c»wy 



I 






COPY 8. 



Copyright, 1908, 

BY 

HARVEY B. BASHORE 



PUBLISHERS PRINTING COMPANY, NEW YORK 



TO MY NEPHEWS 

R. B. S. 
M. E. S., Jr. 



" Nothing is so acceptable to the 

camper-out as a pure article in the 

way of woods and waters. Any 

admixture of human relics mars 

the spirit of the scene!' 

JOHN BURROUGHS. 

" Bits of paper — newspaper at 
that — banana- and orange-peel, pie- 
crusts, any loathsome scraps of 
wasted food, we leave, without a 
thought, in the heart of the woods ; 
or defile with them the clearest lake 
or stream. And this at a time of 
year when the radiant purity of 
nature is at its height, when the 
mere sight of a bank of lady-fern 
ought to send us to our knees in 

reverence!' 

ROSALIND RICHARDS. 



PREFACE 



The sanitation of camps and parks is 
becoming a topic of vital interest, for the 
headwaters of many of our streams — still 
covered with virgin forests — have become 
the playgrounds of the people. " Thou- 
sands of tired, nerve-shaken, over-civilized 
people are beginning to find out that going 
to the woods is going home; that wild- 
ness is a necessity; and that mountain 
parks and groves are useful not only as 
fountains of timber and irrigation rivers 
but as fountains of life " (John Muir). 

vii 



Vlll 



Preface 



So when the " Red Gods " call, through 
the long summer months, multitudes of 
people of all sorts and conditions, from 
all corners of the country, crowd and camp 
in the woods, and sanitary neglect sown in 
these places may reap an unsuspected har- 
vest of disease and death. One case of 
neglect at the fountain-head of a stream 
supplying water may bring disaster to 
those below. Let the camper forever re- 
member the story of Plymouth, where one 
case — only one — of typhoid fever on the 
banks of a mountain stream demanded a 
toll of over a thousand cases and a hun- 
dred deaths ; this is fact, not fancy. Not 
only is negligence in the woods fraught 
with danger to others, but the camper him- 
self may harvest the carelessness of those 
who went before. " Vacation typhoid " is 



Preface ix 

the shadow that lurks in the woods when 
defiled by man. 

The sanitation of military and labor 
camps is not included in this work, al- 
though the underlying sanitary principles 
are the same whether it be a military camp 
at Chickamauga or on the Manchurian 
frontier, a labor camp in the Alleghanies, 
or a hunting camp in the North Woods; 
the key-note of it all, or of most of it, is 
pure water and the proper disposal of 
waste. The subject of military sanitation 
was given a wonderful impetus by the Jap- 
anese during their recent war with Russia, 
and one of the best books written on the 
subject, and one that should be read by 
every one interested in sanitary progress, is 
" The Real Triumph of Japan," by Dr. 
Louis L. Seaman. The simplicity of the 



X Preface 

Japanese sanitary arrangements — consist- 
ing in brief of the water-boiler, crematory, 
and mosquito-netting — should commend 
them to all students of military hygiene. 

During the Spanish war, one of our 
armies— the Army of Cuban Occupation — 
encamped on the hills overlooking the pic- 
turesque Susquehanna near my home in 
Southern Pennsylvania ; a more ideal spot 
could scarcely be imagined, yet hardly two 
months had elapsed before typhoid fever 
became such a scourge that these picked 
men, led by trained officers, their health 
guarded? by trained sanitarians, had to re- 
sort to the primitive method of the Indian 
and change camp. 

The next year a great labor camp of two 
thousand or more men, made up of foreign 
laborers of the worst type, settled down a 



Preface xi 

few miles away; and, wonderful to say, this 
camp, remaining one year in the same spot, 
housed in shanties of the poorest and vilest 
construction, with no method of waste-dis- 
posal save a hole in the ground covered by 
a dark privy, had only three or four cases 
of typhoid fever, and the only sanitary care 
I could discover was that the engineer in 
charge, as soon as the camp was located, 
had run water-pipes all over the ground, 
and before every shanty was a spigot fur- 
nishing pure water; and this was probably 
the secret of his success. 

I owe many thanks to my father, Dr. 
D. W. Bashore,for much kindly assistance 
in the preparation of this work. 

West Fairview, Pa., Afii-il /, igo8. 



CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PAGE 

I. Location and Construction i 

II. Water-supply 18 

III. Waste-disposal 47 

IV. The Camp Surroundings 69 

V. The Sanitary Care of Parks 89 

Index 105 



Sanitation of Camps 
and Parks 



CHAPTER I 

LOCATION AND CONSTRUCTION 

The location of a camp site is likely to 
be as varied as the topographical characters 
of the face of the earth ; but the sanitary 
requirements are more or less the same, 
whether the camp be on a mountain top or 
prairie meadow, seashore or river bank. 
Even for a temporary camp one should use 
care and judgment ; in the first place the 
location should have good drainage so that 
it cannot be readily inundated by near-by 
streams or by rains. Francis Parkman, 



2 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

the great historian, mentions in his " Ore- 
gon Trail" how, while travelling with a 
wandering band of Sioux Indians, the care- 
less selection of a camp site caused him to 
be flooded out during a dark and stormy 
night; and the result, while not turning out 
seriously, was more than a discomfort ; in 
many cases, especially where women and 
weak children are concerned, such treat- 
ment would mean positive harm. 

The camping-place should also be open, 
some time of the day at least, to the sun, 
for rain and cloudy days will come ; even 
the heavy dews of some localities are such 
that by morning everything is drenched 
with moisture, and nothing then becomes 
so acceptable as sunshine. There should 
also be good drinking-water easily available ; 
by good, I mean pure and free from animal 
contamination; better, however, walk a 
mile to get pure water than drink any that 
is impure. The location selected should be 



Location and Construction 3 

as free as possible from insect pests, espe- 
cially mosquitoes and certain flies, for these 
are not only a nuisance but, as will be 
pointed out later, become under certain 
conditions carriers of disease. 

The observations of a Delaware Indian 
on the subject of a proper camping-place, 
quoted by Heckewelder, are very instructive 
and worth repeating here ; although applying 
to times when camp life was a necessity, 
they are suited very well to these days when 
camps are more for pleasure : " The whites 
are not so attentive as the Indians to choos- 
ing an open dry spot for their encampment; 
they will at once set themselves down on 
any dirty and wet place, provided they are 
under large trees ; they never look about to 
see which way the wind blows, so as to be 
able to lay the wood for their fires in such 
a position that the smoke may not blow on 
them p neither do they look up to the trees 
to see whether there are not dead limbs 



4 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

that may fall on them while they are asleep." 
Much in the same strain is the advice of 
an old Revolutionary soldier: "Always 
sleep on the leeward side of the fire. True 
you will get the smoke, but the heat will 
dry up the dampness and keep you from 
having the rheumatiz. If you don't want 
your bones to ache by and by, sleep on the 
side where the smoke blows." 

When it comes to a permanent camp, 
much more care and attention should be ex- 
pended in selecting a location — just as much 
as one should exercise about any other per- 
manent habitation. One should, to be sure, 
select a place in regard to the future possi- 
bility of floods and dampness ; if the loca- 
tion happens to be near the flood-line of a 
neighboring stream it would be wise to col- 
lect information from the inhabitants; it 
may save trouble later. For example, I 
know a certain creek bank which usually 
makes a most desirable place for a tempo- 



Location and Construction 5 

rary camp, and would seem to do splen- 
didly for a permanent camp, but it happens 
that every few years this bank has been, 
and in the future is likely to be, flooded 
by great ice-gorges which would soon dam- 
age beyond repair any ordinary house. A 
perfectly ideal location, such as one would 
always like to have and which we can 
rarely ever get, is an elevated hillside or 
ridge, open to air and sunshine, facing a 
sheet of water, or perhaps, which is better, 
projecting into some lake or stream. 

The nearness of marshes and swampy 
streams, which might exclude a place as 
desirable for a camp of short duration, 
would not forbid permanent occupation, 
when one could study the feasibility of fu- 
ture drainage. The nearness also of good 
drinking-water is not so necessary a factor 
either in a permanent camp, if we are able 
to consider the availability of a supply fur- 
nished by piping or by pumping with an 



6 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

hydraulic ram, both of which methods are 
comparatively cheap and are worth think- 
ing over in a camp with only a distant sup- 
ply. 

In the construction of a temporary 
camp, whether a lean-to of boughs, a can- 
vas tent, or an Indian tepee, the principal 
sanitary factors are measures to keep dry, 
proper sleeping arrangements, and some 
methods of heating and ventilation. The 
prevalent idea that sleeping out on the 
ground when camping is the right thing is 
fallacious, at least in this part of the coun- 
try, on account of the heavy drenching 
dews. Even the Indian or the Leather- 
Stocking trapper whom the story-telling 
novelist loves to depict as wrapping himself 
in his blanket and lying down to sleep 
where night found him, with the stars for a 
canopy, is far from fact, as any one can dis- 
cover who reads the accounts of Catlin or 
Parkman. Of course the Indian and back- 



Location and Construction 7 

woodsman when on the "war-path" did 
sleep this way, as did many a white warrior 
since, but in ordinary home life even the 
Indian took great pains to have some sort 
of bed, and the Plains Indians in the old 
buffalo days had rather elaborate ones. 

But why take the red camper for a model ? 
In many respects a perfect woodsman and 
camper, worthy of imitation, he was care- 
less in other respects beyond belief, and for 
this reason was one of the greatest sufferers 
imaginable from rheumatic complaints ; 
and the few who did survive the bullet and 
hatchet to reach old age were so crippled 
and bent and tortured with rheumatism, 
that euthanasia, known in those times 
as " exposure," was welcomed as a real 
blessing. 

The fact is, one should never sleep next 
to the bare ground ; a bed of boughs made 
of hemlock or fir several feet thick and 
then covered with blankets, or an individ- 



8 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

ual bed-tick which is easily carried and 
which can be filled when needed with 
leaves, weeds, or boughs, is a ready means 
of accomplishing this end ; better yet is it 
for the tents to have board floors and cots 
or bunks for sleeping; it is a little more 
trouble, to be sure, but such additions may 
make camp life more comfortable and per- 
chance may save one from illness ; " rough- 
ing it " does not mean unnecessary expo- 
sure and suffering. 

Some means of heating should be 
thought of when going camping, if only for 
a short time, especially in our Eastern 
mountain regions, for we sometimes have, 
in the midst of summer, cold, wet days 
which make fire a necessity, and an open 
fire in a tent of any kind except an Indian 
tepee is almost unbearable. Probably 
the best thing to take is one of the 
small oil heaters which are procurable 
everywhere, especially since kerosene 



Location and Construction 9 

may be obtained at any country store from 
one end of the land to the other. With 
the subject of heating comes up the ques- 
tion of pure air, an ample amount of which 
we must be sure to have even in the wil- 
derness ; sleeping in a tightly closed tent, 
with the diminished air-space which it en- 
tails, will probably do more harm than to 
sleep in your own bedroom at home ; it is 
advisable to remember this, particularly if 
heating a tent with an oil stove, for this 
consumes a vast quantity of air. 

In the construction of a permanent camp, 
whether made of logs, slabs, boards, or 
stone, we use the ordinary sanitary care 
recommended for all buildings. First we 
want to keep out the moisture and the 
damp ground air ; of course we generally 
have no cellar, but in lieu of this we raise 
the building a foot or two above the ground 
(Fig. 1) so as to have a free circulation of 
surface air; wooden posts or stone pillars 



io Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

make a better and more sanitary founda- 
tion than a closed wall which permits of 
scarcely any change of air. 

Another point in the construction of the 
building is to see to it that provision is 
made for plenty of sunlight and fresh air. 
The windows should be large and many; 
unless this is so, and the cabin or cottage 
has a porch on three or all four sides, which 
is sometimes desirable, the rooms are likely 
to be dark, damp, and musty. The venti- 
lation, as mentioned before, should be thor- 
ough; it is of little benefit to go to the 
woods only to be cooped up all night in 
a stuffy room, if only for a month. The 
results derived from the invigorating air 
and sunshine during the day will be more 
than offset by the lack of fresh air at 
night. 

The deleterious effects following this lack 
of fresh air — no matter how bracing the 
general climate — has been amply illustrated 




Fig. i. — Showing Elevation of a Cabin Above the Ground. 



Location and Construction 13 

by the studies of Dr. Walker relative to tu- 
berculosis among the Sioux Indians during 
1878 and the following years. Dr. Walker 
found that as the Indians abandoned the 
tepee and went to live in houses, the dis- 
ease gradually increased ; the houses had 
been built in a very insanitary manner with 
small windows and doors, hardly admitting 
sufficient fresh air for two or three people, 
while ten or twelve crowded into this 
space; as a result the Indians were rapidly 
dying of tuberculosis — which is almost syn- 
onymous with lack of fresh air — on the very 
ground where the doctor was building up his 
own health and escaping the dread disease. 
The sleeping arrangements of a perma- 
nent camp generally consist of either cots 
or bunks, which do splendidly in very hot 
weather, but if the nights are at all chilly, 
unless one has a superfluity of blankets, he 
is likely to get quite cold on the under 
side; the addition of mattresses, which are 



14 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

now maufactured just the right size for the 
ordinary cot, will remedy the defect. Sev- 
eral years ago some of my own family were 
caught in a cabin in the woods during a 
cold northeastern storm; they had cots 
minus the mattresses for sleeping, and not 
being overburdened with blankets, they 
complained bitterly of the cold and of their 
inability to keep comfortable underneath ; 
and one developed catarrhal pneumonia 
from which recovery was very, very slow. 
Now we always use cots plus the mat- 
tresses, and find that it adds greatly to com- 
fort and health. 

For the heating of a summer cabin or 
cottage nothing equals an open fireplace 
— perhaps made only of rough stones quar- 
ried or gathered on the land around ; as it 
pours out the stored-up sunshine and 
warmth of half a century ago, it makes one 
feel that life is worth the living, if it is a 
cold, wet, or dreary world outside. When 




Fig. 2. — The Ten-plate Stove, a Survival of 
Frontier Days. 



Location and Construction 17 

a fireplace is not available, some form of 
wood stove generally gives the most ser- 
vice. The old ten-plate stove (Fig. 2), a 
survival of frontier days, makes a very in- 
teresting addition and furnishes abundant 
heat. My experience with this kind of a 
stove has been most satisfactory not only 
for heating but for cooking; it is a ready 
method, too, of getting rid, with profit, of 
the scraps of wood which are so likely to 
litter a waste-land space. The only diffi- 
culty is that a ten-plate stove is rather 
hard to procure except in the long-settled 
parts of the country, as they are not now 
manufactured. 



CHAPTER II 

WATER-SUPPLY 

The first great sanitary requisite for the 
camper as for every one else is a supply of 
pure water, and the sources of supply for 
the camper and the picnic party are the 
various springs, brooks, rivers, and lakes in 
their vicinity. While in Indian and Colo- 
nial times perhaps almost every spring fur- 
nished water sufficiently pure for drinking 
purposes, such is not now the case, and the 
camper even in the forests of the North 
will do well to look about before he puts it 
down that a given spring is uncontam- 
inated. Certain it is that the ordinary 
wayside spring of the thickly settled 

States is to be handled with care. 
18 



Water-Supply 19 

John Burroughs, the great naturalist, in 
one of his books devotes a whole chapter 
to the subject of springs : beautiful and en- 
tertaining writing it is, but Mr. Burroughs 
sees a spring only through the eyes of the 
naturalist. Hear what he says: " Indeed, 
a spring is always an oasis in the desert of 
the fields. It is a creative and generative 
centre. It attracts all things to itself, the 
grasses, the mosses, the flowers, the wild 
plants, the giant trees. The walker finds 
it out, the camping party seek it, the pio- 
neer builds his hut or his house near it. 
When the settler or squatter has found a 
good spring, he has found a good place to 
begin life ; he has found the fountain-head 
of much that he is seeking in this w 7 orld. 
The chances are that he has found a south- 
ern or eastern exposure, for it is a fact (?) 
that water does not readily flow 7 north ; the 
valleys mostly open the other way ; and it is 
quite certain he has found a measure of 



20 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

salubrity, for where water flows fever abid- 
eth not. Then every fountain by the road- 
side is a fountain of youth and of life." 
Such writing — fine it is, and I love to read 
it — is nevertheless calculated to be mislead- 
ing unless one remembers that it is the pen 
of the naturalist and not of the sanitarian. 
I really know springs, and probably also 
does the reader, to which all that Mr. Bur- 
roughs says might apply; but such foun- 
tains are few and far between. 

A spring like many other things in this 
world is just as good as its surroundings. 
If it happens to be situated on an uninhab- 
ited and uncultivated upland, it will most 
likely yield a pure water. If in an inhab- 
ited region, there is always a possibility of 
pollution. Environment is everything. It 
may be put down as a cardinal rule that a 
spring near a dwelling is in "bad company," 
and is very likely to suffer from its associa- 
tions. In Fig. 3 is shown a spring at which 




Fig. 3. — A Very Questionable Spring. 



Water-Supply 23 

the means of contamination are so evident 
and so glaring that, however thoughtless 
and thirsty one is, he must always feel that 
there is here an element of danger ; to use 
the water of a spring so situated, unless one 
is certain by analysis of its purity, is simply 
to court disaster. To argue that Tom 
Jones drank of this water and didn't get 
sick is as fallacious as the argument that 
Tom Jones fought at Gettysburg and didn't 
get shot; which may all be true, but it is 
also true that some thousands of others did 
get shot. 

Fig. 4 is a photograph of a little spring 
which flows out from the foot of a high 
ridge. In this instance one might be par- 
doned for using the water, for there are 
woods and abandoned fields on all sides 
and not a human dwelling in sight. Yet 
up over the hill is a farmhouse with its at- 
tendant outbuildings, and the flow of the 
ground-water trends directly from the house 



24 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

toward the spring. While the water of such 
a spring may be good and safe, one should 
certainly hesitate about using it. 

Since springs are only overflows of the 
ground-water, the condition of the water 
depends much on the geological character 
of the strata through which the water passes. 
In considering the geology of springs, those 
which issue from a limestone stratum are 
worthy of special attention, for limestone 
more than any other rock is always honey- 
combed with caverns and crevasses innu- 
merable which allow the passage of water 
from great distances without any filtering 
process whatsoever. 

Some time since I stood beside one of 
these limestone springs — a very fine one in- 
deed — and listened to a native tell of how 
it was fed by another spring two miles back 
on the mountain. The inhabitants had 
long noticed some connection between 
these springs, and finally they put lime in 






— "„ 


■.. ■• ' ' "' ' " "■ ' ■ : '" - 


- 
■ 









Fig. 4. — A Suspicious Foot-hill Spring. The upper 

PART OF THE PICTURE SHOWS THE VIEW FROM THE CREST OF 
THE HILL ABOVE THE SPRING. 



Water-Supply 27 

the upper one, and before long the milky 
solution appeared in the lower one ; now if 
any source of pollution existed at the upper 
spring any one can readily understand the 
grave danger that would arise from using 
the water of the lower one, although there 
may be no sign of habitation on its appar- 
ent drainage area. 

There is recorded an epidemic of typhoid 
fever traced to the water of a limestone 
spring somewhat similar to the one just 
described, which was polluted by a source 
some eight or ten miles away. So very cav- 
ernous is a limestone region that its char- 
acter is apparent to the general observer 
by the numerous so-called sink-holes which 
dot the landscape — simply surface openings 
to the underground passages. 

I remember one fine limestone spring 
from which I used to drink when a boy — 
a famous spring known to every passer-by 
the region round. I also remember that 



28 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

there was a sink-hole in the orchard on the 
bluff above so large that it was a recepta- 
cle for all the rubbish and dead cattle of the 
farm. There is now no doubt in my mind 
but that much of the material of that sink- 
hole finally appeared in the waters of the 
spring. The truth of the matter is that it 
is not safe to trust a limestone spring in an 
inhabited region unless it is high up on a 
divide, or unless the water has been found 
by bacteriological or chemical analysis to 
be pure. On a divide, of course, the 
ground-water flows in both directions, from 
the highest point to the nearest stream, and 
pollution from one side to the other w r ould 
hardly take place. A region of lava over- 
flow is said to be very much like limestone 
strata in its cavernous and porous proper- 
ties, and in such a district the same care 
should be exercised in regard to the drink- 
ing-water. 

When it comes to the study of other 




Fig. 5. — The Wayside Brook. 



Water-Supply 3 1 

strata relative to the water-supply from 
springs, there are different factors to en- 
counter. Sandstone, shale, granite, and 
similar rock, not being cavernous, permit 
more or less filtration of the ground-water 
before it issues as a spring. Yet it has 
been found that seepage is very likely to 
follow the cleavage and fracture lines of 
these strata without very much filtration. 
Especially has this been found by the au- 
thor to be true in certain regions of up- 
turned shales, where the privies rarely be- 
come filled and where every well and 
spring shows gross pollution. So much 
for the spring; sometimes a fountain of 
purity as the naturalist describes it, at other 
times polluted by surface washings, cess- 
pool and privy leakage, it becomes a dis- 
tributor of fatal germs. 

The wayside brook is another of the 
possible sources of water-supply for the 
camper, but before you drink from such 



32 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

forget not that, amid the beautiful woods 
and the fragrant air, in this gurgling and 
babbling water there possibly lurks the 
grim spectre of typhoid. Unless you know 
the stream to its uttermost parts, drink 
not ! Once some years ago I stopped to 
drink, and eat my lunch, by the side of a 
most delightful brook, which came rushing 
and tumbling through the rocky gorge of a 
towering hillside. After lunch I started up 
the rocks to explore this brook; through 
primeval purity I climbed higher and 
higher, in damp, dark woods and over moss- 
covered boulders, until at last I emerged 
at the very headwaters in a little clearing, 
right by the side of about the filthiest back 
yard and cow-stable I think I ever saw. 
Since then I have been most careful of the 
wayside or even the mountainside brook. 

It is a curious fact mentioned by the old 
Indian historians that the aborigines rarely 
ever drank from brooks, but only at the 




Fig. 6. — An Upland Creek. 



W.ater-Supply 35 

fountain-heads of streams. All along the 
well-known trails in Colonial times the 
Indian stopping-places and distances were 
frequently noted in terms of from " spring 
to spring." Although this may have been 
due partly to the fact that the Indian trails 
generally kept to the ridges, and although 
it is a question whether the red man ever 
suffered from typhoid fever until the white 
man came, it is quite likely that he had 
learned by painful and accumulated expe- 
rience the danger of impure water as a 
causative agent in the various diarrhoea! 
troubles likely to follow its use. In Fig. 5 
is shown a photograph of one of these 
brooks; wild and delightful, it wanders 
through a ravine of surpassing loveliness, 
yet less than a mile away there are privies 
and filthy back yards, and every house but 
one on its drainage area has had cases of 
typhoid fever. 

When it comes to our rivers, creeks, and 



36 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

lakes it is safe to say that in every case, 
unless in the unexplored regions of the 
North or the Western mountains, there is 
more or less constant pollution. Large 
fresh-water lakes in the inhabited districts 
are polluted only a certain distance from 
their shores, but at just what point at a 
given place and on a given day the water 
is pure or polluted is hard to tell. Chicago 
has the intake for its water-works some ten 
or twelve miles from shore. In Fig. 6 is 
shown a picture of one of our upland 
creeks ; it looks pure and fresh and with 
hardly a house in sight; it is no wonder 
that fishermen and campers sometimes 
drink the water. Yet there is the gravest 
danger in doing so, for along the upper 
course of this stream there is constant foul- 
ing of its waters, as a reference to Fig. 7 will 
show. 

And this is only one stream taken for 
an example because it is known to the 




Fig,7- — On the Headwaters of an Upland Creek. 



Water-Supply 39 

author: everywhere and anywhere in the 
settled parts of the country exactly similar 
conditions exist. 

If one must drink the water of one of 
these streams or contaminated lakes, the 
best way to do is to adopt the method of 
the natives of India, who, taught by the ex- 
perience of ages the great danger of raw 
water, dig small holes in the sand along the 
shore (Fig. 8) and then use the water which 
in a short time fills up the cavity. Such 
water, although not perfectly pure, has 
filtered through some feet of sand and is 
likely to be vastly better than the unfiltered 
water of the adjoining stream. Of course, 
if means are available, boiling the water is 
absolute surety against disease. We never 
knew, or rather never appreciated, the real 
value of boiled water for drinking until the 
late Japanese war, when the Japanese even 
at the front used almost invariably boiled 
water, and produced the astounding record 



4-0 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

of more men killed by bullets than by the 
Bacillus typhosus. 

In some large camps inhabited by a num- 
ber of cottagers year after year, wells are 
used as a source of water. The same re- 
marks made concerning springs apply to 
wells, and the same care and vigilance 
should be used. An instance might arise 
also when a camp would have an ice-supply 
available and not pure water ; in such an 
instance the melted ice would probably 
furnish safe drinking-water, for, although 
ice has been known to contain living patho- 
genic germs for about three months, it is 
pretty certain that any ice you would use 
would be a good deal older and probably 
germless, or at least harmless. Above all 
things do not be deluded into taking into 
the country some patent household filter 
and think you have solved the drinking- 
water problem : such appliances are almost 
worse than useless when it comes to fur- 




Fig. 8. — Digging for Drinking-water in the 
Sand-bank of a Polluted Creek. 



Water-Supply 43 

nishing pure water. To be sure it will 
yield water which is clear and sparkling, 
but unfortunately " things are not always 
what they seem." 

There are certain camps again, especially 
permanent camps, where rain-water might 
become an important factor. Suffice it to 
say that rain-water, collected either in a sur- 
face cistern or an underground one which 
does not leak and which is not polluted by 
surface drainage, is pure and wholesome. 
In our own summer camp, on account of 
the distance of the spring, we make use of 
rain-water, collected in a barrel as shown in 
Fig. 9, for washing and cooking, and find it 
wonderfully satisfactory; to be sure, all 
openings in the barrel, the overflow, and so 
on, must be screened in order to prevent 
mosquito-breeding. 

Another item which might properly come 
under this chapter is Milk, for it very fre- 
quently happens that the camper has this 



44 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

at hand. Now the ordinary cow-stable even 
far back in the country is anything but 
what it should be, and the preparation of 
the milk is far — very far — from the ideal. 
The rosy-cheeked milkmaid, dressed in 
spotless muslins, redolent with the odor of 
new-mown hay or wild roses, is all in the 
imagination of the poet and the painter — 
wholly different from the real article, which 
any one can see at almost any ordinary farm 
anywhere ; but it may be well not to inves- 
tigate such things too closely until the last 
day of camp. The principal thing about 
the milk-supply is to make inquiry, indi- 
rectly of course, as to the prevalence of 
typhoid fever, or any other infectious dis- 
eases among the inhabitants of the farm. 
If such has been present within the last 
year, it would indeed be the part of wisdom 
to forego the use of milk from that farm 
unless it has been boiled. 




Fig. 9. — An Inexpensive and Sanitary Method for 

Collecting Rain-water. 

(From " Sanitation of a Country House.") 



CHAPTER III 

WASTE-DISPOSAL 

The disposal of waste is the cardinal item 
in the sanitary care of a camp : if waste-dis- 
posal were perfect everywhere camp sanita- 
tion would become a very simple matter, 
and the vital question of water-supply, at 
least, would resolve itself into simply get- 
ting only palatable water. 

I used to think that a study of aboriginal 
Indian life would give us valuable data 
about the sanitary care of a camp, for the 
Indians were in a way ideal campers, and 
our own camp life is only a return to such 
primitive conditions; but the more I in- 
vestigated the subject the more I became 
convinced that the aborigines totally neg- 

47 



48 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

lected camp sanitation: indeed, all along 
the Atlantic coast and our great tidal rivers 
there are, contiguous to many known In- 
dian-village sites, vast heaps of shells and 
bones, known as " kitchen-middens," of 
which enough remains to show the des- 
tiny of camp refuse ; but the red camper 
rarely, perhaps, suffered for the sins of 
camp pollution. 

In our day among a certain class of citi- 
zens there is an adage that it is " cheaper 
to move than to pay rent." In aboriginal 
life, with easily movable camps of bark and 
skins, it was certainly cheaper to move 
than to get sick, and this was about the 
only sanitation the red-skinned camper 
ever practised ; and with only one inhabit- 
ant to a square mile such precautions were 
probably sufficient. 

Waste-disposal in the camp needs no 
complicated arrangements; we simply 
make use of two things always at hand, — 



Waste-Disposal 49 

fire and the soil; the nitrifyng properties 
of the latter soon dispose of all putrescible 
filth when put in proper condition, and fire 
soon destroys everything combustible. But 
the camper fresh from town, away from 
sewers and garbage-cans, seems at a loss to 
know just what to do, so he does just what 
the wild Indian did and throws his waste 
about the camp, and before long the whole 
surrounding soil is littered with rubbish and 
polluted with decomposing filth. 

The principal thing to remember and to 
do so is to separate the waste into its com- 
ponent parts. First, the combustible, such 
as paper and egg-shells; second, the non- 
combustible, as tin cans and bottles; third, 
the putrescible part or garbage, which in- 
cludes all the ordinary kitchen waste, wash- 
water, etc. Now as to ultimate disposal of 
this material. The combustible part should, 
of course, be burned, out in the open, if at 
a temporary camp without stove or fire- 



5<d Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

place, care being taken not to set the woods 
on fire. Very often, indeed, after a camp 
has been vacated, or after a picnic, does one 
find the woods littered with refuse. Only 
to-day as I passed by the banks of a small 
creek, I could see paper, lunch-boxes, and 
scraps of food scattered everywhere, — the 
remains of many a picnic the day before 
(July 4th). How much better and how 
easy for each one to have raked together 
his refuse and set fire to it ! The second 
part of the waste material — the non-com- 
bustible — while not exactly insanitary, is 
undesirable from the aesthetic point of 
view, and should be collected and kept in a 
box until some suitable time and then 
buried. 

For the disposal of garbage one should 
have a regular garbage-hole ; this is simply 
a hole dug in any near-by place, preferably 
screened by bushes (Fig. 10). The earth 
taken out is piled around it and every day 




Fig. io. — The Garbage-hole Screened by Goldenrod 
and Sumach. 



Waste-Disposal 53 

a little earth is raked into the hole covering 
up the garbage. There can be no question 
but that this method meets all sanitary re- 
quirements for ordinary private and small 
camps. In large military and labor camps 
destruction by an especially constructed 
furnace is probably the most economical 
method. 

One waste there still remains to be dis- 
posed of, by far the most important, and 
that is human excrement. All other house- 
hold refuse, garbage, and rubbish, and even 
the excrement of animals fall into insignifi- 
cance when compared to human faeces and 
urine, for these and these alone are capable 
of transmitting the germs of typhoid fever. 
In the temporary camp of a week or two, if 
space is available and the number of camp- 
ers small, it is probable that the " method 
of Moses " which was required of the wan- 
dering Hebrews some three thousand years 
ago will answer all sanitary demands, pro- 



54 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

vided one keeps a considerable distance 
from stream and lake banks. "And thou 
shalt have a paddle upon thy weapon ; and 
it shall be, when thou wilt ease thyself 
abroad, thou shalt dig therewith, and shalt 
turn back and cover that which cometh 
from thee" (Deut. xxiii. 13). 

Another and better way to dispose of 
such material is to dig a trench or a small 
hole, something like a large post-hole, a 
couple of feet deep, the earth which is re- 
moved being piled around the hole. Im- 
mediately after use earth is scraped into the 
hole so as to cover the fecal matter; this 
immediate covering is very necessary, as it 
prevents the breeding of flies and the pos- 
sible transmission of disease by such means. 
This fact was amply illustrated in our 
Spanish War, when in many of the camps 
typhoid fever never ceased until a "man 
with a gun " was placed at each sink and 
forced the speedy covering of all faeces. 




Fig. ii. — A Simple Camp-sink. 



Waste-Disposal 57 

When the hole is filled within six or 
eight inches of the surface it should be 
completely covered up with earth and an- 
other one dug; the thorough covering of 
the sink is absolutely necessary inasmuch 
as fly-eggs previously laid might develop 
later; and a small hole for the sink is vastly 
better than a large trench, for the reason 
that the contents of the smaller may be 
more readily kept covered. In a camp 
made up of a number of people it would 
perhaps be better to have several small 
sinks scattered at suitable places near the 
camp than one large one. 

The seat for the sink may be of the type 
shown in Fig. 11, which is easily put up 
anywhere. If women and children are 
present, a seat made of a board as shown 
in the photograph (Fig. 12) is more desira- 
ble and satisfactory: such a seat can be 
transported with the other equipment and 
put in place by material collected at the 



58 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

camp. Another contrivance is the sink- 
screen, which is a necessity in a mixed 
camp; of course in certain favored places a 
screen of bushes may furnish the necessary 
privacy, but in many places an artificial 
screen is necessary; this can be made very 
cheaply out of muslin after the method 
shown in the photograph (Fig. 13), — the 
poles being cut at the camping place. 

Such is the method for the disposal of 
human waste in a temporary camp ; for a 
permanent camp we can go to a little more 
trouble and erect a dry-closet privy, which 
is vastly better and more sanitary and eco- 
nomical than any other plan. The dry 
closet consists simply of a seat, a pail, and 
a box for holding the absorbent, which in 
camp would be dry earth. The pail is 
made of galvanized iron, or if one does not 
care to go to so much expense, an ordinary 
coal-bucket may be used. The photograph 
in Fig. 14 gives a general idea of the 




Fig. 12. — A Camp-sink for Women and Children. 



Waste-Disposal 61 

privy and its appliances, which, as has been 
indicated, need not be elaborate to be 
effective. 

The earth for use in the closet is ob- 
tained from a near-by field or from the 
woods, — the black humus of the woods be- 
ing especially efficient as a deodorant and 
absorbent. After use sufficient earth is 
put in the pail to cover the contents, and 
when the pail is filled it is emptied in any 
convenient place about the grounds, and a 
little earth raked over it. A person may 
then pass such a pile within a short time 
and perceive no odor. In our own camp I 
have at times deposited the earth-closet 
material within three or four feet of the 
cabin, in order to get its fertilizing effect 
on certain wild flowers (Fig. 15); and al- 
though so near no one complained of any 
annoyance; the last time I did this I was 
asked the cause of the upturned pile of 
earth. A dry-closet privy is almost per- 



6a Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

fectly odorless if treated with proper care. 
I have frequently had friends inspect the 
one shown in the picture, and the remark 
was generally made that the only distin- 
guishable odor was that of the cedar shin- 
gles used in closing up the cracks between 
the slabs. 

In order to keep a camp, especially when 
composed of a number of people, in a sani- 
tary condition, it is necessary that there be 
some understanding among the members 
on this point. A good way is to have a set 
of rules posted in a conspicuous place, 
which all are expected to obey. In a boys' 
camp it is a splendid plan to have one do 
the duty of health officer, thereby not only 
keeping the place clean but also educating 
future citizens along very important and 
neglected lines. 

The following rules are used in our own 
camp, and w r e find them very efficient. 
To be sure such rules should conform to 




Fig. 13. — The Sink-screen: the Lower Part 
folded up to show construction. 



Waste-Disposal 65 

local requirements, but these will indicate 
in a general way what can and should be 
done when one " takes to the woods." 

Sanitary Rules for Camp. 

1. Open windows must be carefully 
screened. 

2. No food shall stand about uncovered 
except at meal-time. 

3. Water in brook or creek must not 
be used for drinking. 

4. All kitchen waste, solid and liquid, 
must be put in the garbage-hole, and cov- 
ered every evening with earth. 

5. The dry-closet pail must be emptied 
frequently and the contents thoroughly 
covered with earth. 

6. The camp closet must be used exclu- 
sively; even the "method of Moses" will 
not be tolerated about this camp. 

7. No paper or rubbish shall be scattered 



66 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

about the camp; such material must be 
collected, and burned or buried. 

8. Mosquito-pools in the brook shall be 
treated with kerosene every ten days. 

9. Weeds and grass must be kept short 
around the camp. 

10. All dead animals found must be im- 
mediately buried. 

11. For each and every violation of the 
above rule the fine shall be five cents, ex- 
cept that in the case of Rule 6 the fine shall 
be one dollar. 







Fig. 14. — The Sanitary Arrangements for a 
Permanent Camp. 
(From " Sanitation of a Country House.") 



CHAPTER IV 

THE CAMP SURROUNDINGS 

When a camp has been properly put up, 
and the water-supply and waste-disposal 
have been carefully attended to, there still 
remain other factors of sanitary importance, 
varying with local conditions and environ- 
ments, which demand consideration. One 
of these subjects which is a menace not 
only to the pleasure but also to the health 
of the camper, especially in the lowlands, 
is the mosquito, one family of which — 
the Anopheles — may transmit malarial fever 
(better named, as some one has suggested, 
mosquito-fever), and another family — the 
Stegomyia — carry the dreaded yellow fever 
of the South, 

6 9 



Jo Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

The temporary camper will do well to 
consider the mosquito problem before he 
puts down his camp, for in a badly infected 
region life may simply become unbearable 
and the pleasure of the day, no matter how 
great, will be offset by the horrors of the 
night; this is not the worst either, for in 
the damp, dark woods and deep, narrow, 
wet, and sunless ravines mosquitoes are at 
times almost as bad during the day as dur- 
ing the night. I well remember a certain 
thick woods in a little mountain valley 
which I one day in summer started to pen- 
etrate and explore, but quickly turned back 
to acknowledge defeat on account of the 
swarms of " no-see-'ems," as the Indians 
called them. 

About the only thing for the transient 
camper to do is to select a place which is 
not infested with mosquitoes, but if it hap- 
pens otherwise he must take measures to 
protect himself with netting or a double 



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Pig. 15. — Closet-earth Properly Covered 
Becomes Odorless, 



The Camp Surroundings 73 

tent; "in a malarial region this is abso- 
lutely necessary, for although intermittent 
fever is not usually a very serious thing in 
this part of the world, it is not a disease to 
be courted, as it does sometimes make a 
lasting impression on the system; in the 
yellow-fever belt mosquito-netting is just as 
necessary as food, usually rather more so. 
There are various "fly-dopes" sold, but I 
have never yet found anything that could 
be depended upon to do much good; 
smoke is probably the best means to keep 
the insect out of a tent or cabin, but the 
smoke has to be so strong that it is almost 
more annoying than the mosquitoes. 

In the surroundings of a permanent 
camp we can resort to measures that will 
greatly lessen the mosquito evil, for, as is 
well known, these insects breed in stagnant 
water and do not fly far from the place of 
their birth. Of the various remedies that 
have been used against the mosquito, the 



74 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

principal ones are drainage of the breeding- 
places, stocking with fish, and the treat- 
ment of the pools and ponds with kero- 
sene. 

If one has in the neighborhood an un- 
sightly pond or puddle, or some swampy 
ground, its mosquito-breeding propensities 
can be readily eliminated by trenching and 
draining away the water; generally, how- 
ever, one would prefer to retain a pond, and 
this may be made mosquito-proof by hav- 
ing firm, grassy banks, and then maintain- 
ing a supply of fish in the pond, many 
varieties of which have an unlimited capac- 
ity for mosquito larvae. Almost any kind 
of fish will answer, and if the bottom of the 
pond should be muddy and not adapted 
for breeding sunfish — the kind generally 
used — the ordinary catfish, which inhabits 
and thrives in muddy streams, will quickly 
destroy the larvae. The author made some 
experiments with catfish for this very rea- 




Fig. 16. — A Favorite Breeding-place of the 
Malarial Mosquito. 



The Camp Surroundings 77 

son and found that the " wigglers " disap- 
peared about as quickly as when any other 
variety of fish was used. 

In the application of kerosene, one has 
simply to go over the locality every ten 
days or two weeks (ten days is probably the 
minimum breeding-time of the mosquito) 
and pour a small amount of kerosene on 
every pool, no matter how small. No ap- 
paratus save a bottle of kerosene is needed, 
and it is astonishing how little of this 
(about one ounce to fifteen square feet of 
surface) and how little time it really takes, 
when one gets accustomed to the work. 
A certain small brook about a fourth of a 
mile long (Fig 16) in the rock pools of 
which I have found at times the larvae of 
the malaria-carrying Anopheles, has been 
pretty thoroughly treated in less than thirty 
minutes and only about two ounces of 
kerosene used, yet multitudes of larvae were 
destroyed. 



78 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

While on this subject, it is worth noticing 
that Livingstone, the famous African ex- 
plorer, writing August, 1859, from the re- 
gion about Lake Nyassa, says: "These in- 
sects (mosquitoes) are so numerous in 
malarial spots that their presence is consid- 
ered by the natives as an evidence that the 
place is unhealthy ." This, so long before 
our present knowledge of the relationship 
between malaria and mosquitoes, shows 
that aboriginal reasoning is not always fal- 
lacious, although the results are reached 
blindly. Livingstone's travels are valuable 
reading by those interested in camp life as 
showing the manners and customs of a 
primitive people, some of which, such as 
always moving to a new habitation after a 
death, have the highest sanitary signifi- 
cance. 

Another item in regard to the mosquito 
problem is that the immediate camp sur- 
roundings should be kept clear of weeds and 




Fig. 17. — Great Banks of Ragweed Cover Count- 
less Millions of Mosquitoes. 



The Camp Surroundings 81 

underbrush; thick weeds and high grass 
make excellent harbors and hiding-places 
for these pests, and retain numbers that 
would otherwise be swept away by the 
winds to more remote places. I recall a 
well-known camping site where the great 
banks of ragweed cover countless millions 
(Fig. 17), and to pass this place at all closely 
during the mosquito season, especially late 
in the afternoon, will result in one's hands 
and face being literally covered with bites. 
The different families of our common 
mosquitoes are rather easy to learn, as there 
are many excellent pamphlets and books 
published on the subject. The life-habits 
of all varieties are more or less similar, ex- 
cept that the Anopheles seem to give a 
preference to breeding-places in uncontam- 
inated water in the country, while the ordi- 
nary house-mosquito, known as Culex pun- 
geiis, is more of a town-dweller, and a lover 
of rain-barrels and offensive water. Dr. 



82 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

Doty made the valuable discovery that 
Culex sollicitans, the common " salt-water " 
mosquito, will actually deposit its eggs by 
preference on the earth of the salt-water 
marshes, but that nevertheless these eggs 
will not develop until the earth is covered 
with water for a sufficient length of time. 

Another insect danger is the fly, of which, 
although it wrought such havoc in our army 
camps during the late Spanish war, the 
ordinary camper need have very little fear 
if he watch carefully the disposal of. waste, 
as mentioned in a former chapter. It 
matters not, it seems, where one camps, 
flies will soon begin to appear, but their 
numbers can be greatly diminished by 
cleanliness and attention to their breeding- 
places; and unless there are cases of ty- 
phoid fever in the neighborhood, whose 
discharges are available to flies, there will 
be little likelihood of their transmitting this 
disease at least. On the other hand, as 



The Camp Surroundings 83 

persons who have long since become well 
of typhoid may be " bacilli-carriers,'' it is 
necessary to keep human discharges so 
thoroughly covered as to be out of reach of 
these insects. 

While thirty-six species of flies have been 
known to breed in human faeces, only about 
six of them are found to visit kitchens and 
food in sufficient numbers to become dan- 
gerous. Of these six, the most prominent 
ones are the house-fly, the little fruit-fly, 
and the stable-fly. Last summer I made 
some investigation in reference to the prev- 
alence of flies about our own camp and 
found that the common house-fly was about 
the only one frequenting the cabin and 
table ; likewise it was also found that if the 
closet-earth which was emptied on the field 
was thoroughly covered with earth there 
were absolutely no flies breeding in it; in- 
deed, in one case in which fly-larvae were 
found in the pail before emptying, after 



84 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

disposal on the field and covering with 
earth even these failed to develop. So the 
fly danger in camp maybe practically elim- 
inated by the immediate and thorough cov- 
ering of all fecal matter. 

There is another family of flies — known 
as gadflies — which are a pest and at times 
a menace to health. The gadflies— that is, 
the females — are all biting insects and have 
been accused of transmitting malignant 
pustule — a form of anthrax — which is a 
very fatal disorder. In a little woodland 
ravine near our own camp these flies are, 
at certain times during the summer, a ver- 
itable plague, and if one tramps through 
the place it is almost necessary to cover up 
the head and neck to gain protection 
against their bites, which are as bad as 
those of the mosquito, if not worse. If the 
cattle of this region were infected with an- 
thrax I should certainly be very careful of 
the bites of these insects, or even avoid the 



The Camp Surroundings 85 

place altogether; but fortunately anthrax 
has never appeared here. The gadflies 
are great water-drinkers, so that treating 
pools with kerosene, as in mosquito warfare, 
is also of value in destroying them ; in fact, 
this method has been tried by some Rus- 
sian entomologists with very gratifying 
results. 

One other subject about the camp which 
deserves some consideration is that of poi- 
sonous plants, plants which unless avoided 
are apt to cause discomfort and trouble to 
those who frequent the woods. One of 
these is ragweed, which grows in great beds 
along many streams and ponds, and in late 
summer and autumn its pollen is one of 
the factors, perhaps the principal one, in 
causing hay-fever in those subject to this 
disease ; such persons if locating a transient 
camp will do well to avoid the vicinity of 
these plants. At a permanent camp the 
proximity of ragweed does not count for 



86 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

much, for all our native ragweeds are an- 
nuals, growing only for one season from 
the seed, so that mowing down early every 
summer, before the plants have time to 
form seed, will soon eradicate them. 

A small group of plants that cause very 
much annoyance are certain members of 
the Rhus family — poison-ivy and poison- 
sumach in the East, and poison-oak in the 
West. As is well known, some people can 
handle these plants with impunity, while 
other persons are wonderfully susceptible. 
I once saw a gang of men tear out large 
vines of poison-ivy which had spread over 
the side of an abandoned hospital building: 
although I explained to the foreman the 
nature of the vine, the men went at it with 
ungloved hands, and not one developed 
any poisonous symptoms. On the other 
hand I know a woman who can scarcely 
walk near the ivy without suffering from a 
dermatitis; and again, I know a gentleman, 



The Camp Surroundings 87 

seventy years old, who spent much time in 
the woods and asserted that he had often 
handled poison-ivy without bad results, yet 
in his sixty-fifth year he had a rather vio- 
lent attack. The poison is a volatile oil, 
soluble in alcohol, so if one does come in- 
advertently in contact with the plant the 
exposed skin should be thoroughly cleaned 
with this material. The inflammation 
caused by poison-ivy does not usually 
amount to very much, perhaps it is hardly 
worth mentioning, still the camper who 
gets a severe, attack will certainly forever 
remember with disgust the place and the 
time. 

Children when in the woods should also 
be taught to avoid the water-hemlock 
(Conium maculatum), the root of which 
when eaten causes violent poisoning; this 
plant is especially dangerous on account of 
the fact that it is frequently mistaken for 
the harmless and aromatic sweet myrrh. 



88 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

The eating of the wild black cherry should 
be cautioned against, for while the pulp 
itself is harmless, swallowing the whole fruit 
causes poisoning from the kernels of the 
seeds, which form prussic acid under cer- 
tain conditions. " Poisoned from eating 
mushrooms " is a standard newspaper item ; 
it is hardly necessary to state that the ut- 
most caution should be used in selecting 
and distinguishing the edible ones, and no 
person should ever make the attempt to eat 
mushrooms of his own selection or of the 
selection of any one else unless he is thor- 
oughly conversant with the subject. 



CHAPTER V 

THE SANITARY CARE OF PARKS 

Since the advent of the cheapened trans- 
portation brought about by electrical trac- 
tion, the summer recreation-park is getting 
to be a factor — a growing factor — in the 
sanitary affairs of the country, as more and 
more people are annually taking such 
means of relaxation. In these picnic parks 
and groves people come and go, yet there 
is practically more or less continuous habi- 
tation for three months at least, and unless 
w€ use the precautions which are recog- 
nized as necessary for such cases, it is likely 
that w r e shall find these parks to be an item 
in the public health. 

Only the other day on inquiring in re- 

8 9 



go Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

gard to the origin of a certain case of ty- 
phoid fever, my informant blamed a well- 
known picnic-grove ; perhaps he was right 
and perhaps not. It shows at least that 
the people themselves are getting suspi- 
cious. As these parks are usually situated 
at the headwaters of streams, the proper 
disposal of human excrement becomes the 
great question, especially to those people 
who live on the lower reaches of the 
streams and who may use or expect to use 
the water of these same streams. 

The usual method of disposal in a good 
many picnic-parks is to suspend the privy 
directly over the neighboring stream, as 
shown in the photograph (Fig. 18), and ex- 
pect the water " to do the rest " — and the 
rest it does do by washing away the filth to 
somebody else ; incidentally, perhaps, poi- 
soning fish and mankind. Nothing, of 
course, could be more insanitary than such 
a closet. In a grove which I visited re- 




Fig. i 8. — The Overhanging Privy. 



The Sanitary Care of Parks 93 

cently the sanitary accommodations illus- 
trated this method to perfection : the closet 
itself, overhanging a fine stream, was filthy 
in the extreme; piles of fecal matter lay 
exposed to view, and myriads of flies were 
feeding thereon, and then flying to the 
nearest eating-stall. There was an urinous 
odor fifty feet away advertising the place 
more distinctly than the painted notice ; in 
addition there was no more privacy than 
on a city street. No one can deny that 
such a place as this is likely to become a 
disease-spreading focus, especially since as 
many as ten thousand people sometimes 
visit this grove in a week during midsum- 
mer. This stream, too, is being considered 
as the water-supply for a small borough 
farther down the country. 

For an additional reason, as mentioned 
before, does the proper disposal of faeces 
become of the gravest importance, namely, 
in certain unknown cases of typhoid fever 



94 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

the bowel discharges contain the patho- 
genic germs for an indefinite period after 
the complete recovery of the patient, so 
that a patient actually well may be a veri- 
table disease-producing magazine. Know- 
ing this and allowing fecal matter — human 
fecal matter — to be scattered along the 
streams of a country is criminal negligence 
somewhere. 

The proper closet for a picnic-grove to 
have, no matter in what part of the country 
it is situated, is a dry, water-tight cemented 
pit covered by a carefully constructed 
privy, with a ventilating-shaft of not less 
than eight inches in diameter, extending 
from the pit, on the outside of the house, 
to at least several feet above the roof; the 
seat should be provided with a lid so so to 
exclude flies, and the whole arrangement 
should be properly screened by bushes or 
a trellis of vines, in order to insure the nec- 
essary privacy, The contents of the closet 



The Sanitary Care of Parks 95 

can be disposed of on some near-by field 
and composted by covering with earth, or 
it may be directly ploughed under for fer- 
tilizer ; but such material should not be put 
on land where it is likely to be washed into 
streams. 

Much more attention, too, than is usually 
the case should be paid to the disposal of 
urine. The urinal, which generally consists 
only of a wooden trough, soon becomes so 
thoroughly saturated with urine as to give 
notice of its proximity without a hand- 
board, and is about the filthiest place one 
could imagine. A cemented gutter would 
seem to the superficial observer to be an 
admirable substitute for the usual wooden 
trough, but it is far from it, for anything 
but glazed porcelain soon becomes of- 
fensive under such conditions, and porce- 
lain is hardly to be thought of in the 
woods. 

The dry method of urine disposal, as 



g6 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

recommended by the late Dr. Poore of 
England, is ideal in simplicity and sani- 
tary results for groves and parks, and is to 
be recommended strongly for all such 
places. This method consists in simply 
making use of the nitrifying properties of 
the soil. Over a space about two feet wide 
and six or eight feet long, depending on the 
needs of the grove, the soil is turned up 
with a spade as in digging a garden-bed, 
and into this trench the urine is received ; 
and here it is quickly and inoffensively 
destroyed by aeration and the nitrifying 
germs which are present everywhere in the 
upper soil layers. Ashes, sawdust, peat, or 
even lime may be mixed with the soil in 
the trench, but it is hardly necessary if the 
soil is at all loose and absorbent. If the 
place is much visited the soil should be 
turned up with a shovel or hoe every week 
or two. The urinal should adjoin the 
privy, be open on the top to let in sunlight, 



The Sanitary Care of Parks 97 

and divided into suitable compartments; 
but care should be taken in the construc- 
tion to arrange the woodwork so that it 
does not become liable to saturation with 
urine. 

Another fact about the proper disposal 
of urine which it is worth while to remem- 
ber is that the urine of many, perhaps most, 
typhoid-fever patients is likely to contain 
virulent germs for a considerable time after 
recovery ; so that promiscuous urination on 
the grounds should be prohibited especially 
near a stream ; the " Commit No Nuisance " 
notice should be posted in all likely places. 
It would be a wise precaution to have the 
whole grove placed under the care of a san- 
itary official, which duties could be in- 
trusted to the ordinary police officer after 
receiving suitable instruction. Proper at- 
tention should also be paid to the disposal 
of such household waste as may exist — 
refuse from fruit-stands, eating-places, etc.; 



98 Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

everything of putrescible nature should be 
buried or burned. 

The exposure of food is another insani- 
tary factor of the picnic-grove, on account 
of the dust and numerous flies; sometimes 
these groves become so trodden that in dry 
weather, with the least wind, great clouds 
of dust are hurled everywhere. This dust, 
sprinkled with the expectoration of many 
people a certain number of whom are pos- 
sibly infected with the tuberculosis bacil- 
lus, becomes quite a factor in the sanitary 
condition of exposed foods. The dust nui- 
sance and danger can be readily abated by 
sprinkling, and this should be carefully at- 
tended to when the occasion arises; in ad- 
dition the sanitary authority should forbid 
the unnecessary exposure of all foods. 

We frequently see tables containing such 
eatables as melons, cut and ready for serv- 
ing, exposed to dust, flies, and even acci- 
dental expectoration for at least half a 



The Sanitary Care of Parks 99 

day ; sometimes mosquito-netting is thrown 
over the table for protection against 
flies, but this only creates a sense of false 
security in that it keeps away the large 
flies, while the little fruit-flies which can 
get through any kind of netting are the 
very ones most likely to frequent these 
food-stalls. Food that is eaten uncooked 
should never be exposed to view in public 
places, except in glass cases. The picnic 
lemonade-tub with its aniline-colored liquid 
and huge piece of ice floating about looks 
cool and refreshing, but before partaking 
of its contents one would better consider 
the filth it probably contains. 

Another sanitary problem to be consid- 
ered in picnic-groves is the water-supply. 
Fortunately a good many of our pleasure- 
parks, situated on wild and uninhabited 
uplands at the fountain-heads of the low- 
land streams, still furnish good drinking- 
water, and in very few instances has trouble 

tore 



ioo Sanitation of Camps and Parks 

been traced to this source; but with in- 
creasing population, and the same amount 
of carelessness as we have been accus- 
tomed to in the past, it will not always re- 
main so; sooner or later we will get to the 
danger-point. The precautions mentioned 
in Chapter II should be carefully followed 
in regard to the water-supply of each and 
every park or grove — pure and uncontam- 
inated water is what we want whether in 
city or camp or pleasure-ground. The 
proprietors of our much-frequented parks 
should be held accountable, just as public 
water companies, for the kind of water fur- 
nished their patrons. 

In Fig. 19 is shown the photograph of a 
spring which supplies the drinking-water 
for a well-known trolley park in central 
Pennsylvania. The small town adjoining 
one side of the spring has no method of 
sewage disposal except the old-fashioned 
privy which adorns each back yard, and 



3 

Q 



I 

> 



O 

t- 

w 

*< 

i 

> 
W 

2 

3 

Q 




The Sanitary Care of Parks 103 

this in a limestone region which is cavern- 
ous to a great extent. Yet the natives of 
this place would think you demented if you 
questioned the purity of that spring. Re- 
cently, however, the bacteriologists have 
found Colon bacilli in the water, and the 
day will surely come — come perhaps like a 
bolt out of a clear sky — when this spring 
will scatter disease, unless its environment 
is considerably changed; and then when 
that day comes the inquiring sanitarian 
will be met with the reply that our fathers 
and our grandfathers drank from this 
spring and it never sickened them. But 
this false reasoning will lead down into the 
grave of a stricken community. Such it 
has been and such it will be until sanitary 
science and sanitary laws guard the welfare 
of the people. 



INDEX 



PAGE 



Anthrax 84, 85 

Black Cherry, wild 88 

Brooks, water-supply from 18, 31, 35 

Burroughs, John, quoted 19 

Cabin, heating of 14 

Camp, heating of 8, 14 

location of 1 

sanitary rules for 65 

surroundings of 69 

waste-disposal in 48 

water-supply of 18 

Camp, permanent, construction of 9 

location of 4 

sleeping arrangements for 13 

dry-closet privy for 58 

rain-water for 43 

i°5 



io6 Index 



PAGE 



Camp, permanent, surroundings of 73 

Camp, temporary, construction of 6 

location of 1 

sleeping arrangements for 7 

Catlin 6 

Creeks 35, 36, 39 

Dry-closet pail 58, 65 

Dry-closet privy, construction of 58 

disposal of contents of 61 

Dust nuisance 98 

Excrement, human 53 

disposal of in permanent camp. 58 

disposal of in temporary camp. 54, 57 

Filter, household 40 

Flies 82 

species of — 83 

" Fly-dopes" 73 

Food, exposure of 98 

Gadflies 84, 85 

Garbage, disposal of 50 

Garbage-hole 50, 65 

Hay-fever 85 

Heckwelder, quoted 3 



Index 107 



PAGE 



Ice-supply 40 

Indian, Delaware, quoted 3 

Indians, Sioux 2, 13 

Japanese 39 

Kerosene, application of 77 

Lakes, water-supply from 36 

Livingstone, quoted 78 

Malarial fever 69 

Milk 43 

" Moses, Method of" 53, 65 

Mosquito-fever 69 

Mosquito-netting 73, 99 

Mosquito-pools 66 

Mosquitoes 69 

remedies against 73 

Parkman, quoted 1 

Picnic groves, water-supply of 99 

proper closet for 94 

Picnic parks 89 

privy at 90 

Plants, poisonous 85 

Poison-ivy 86, 87 

Poison-oak 86 



108 Index 

PAGE 

Poison-sumach 86 

Poore, Dr., method 96 

Pustule, malignant 84 

Ragweed 85 

Rain-water, method of collection 43 

Rivers, water-supply from 35 

Sink-screen 58 

Sink, seat for 57 

Springs, water-supply from 20, 23 

limestone 24, 27 

Stove, ten-plate 17 

Sweet myrrh 87 

Trolley parks 100 

Typhoid " bacilli-carriers " 83 

Typhoid fever 27, 35, 53, 90, 93 

Urine, disposal of 95, 97 

dry method of 95 

Walker, Dr., quoted 13 

Waste-disposal 47 

aboriginal 47 

in camp 48 

Waste, combustible, disposal of 49, 50 

non-combustible 50 



Index 109 



PAGE 



Waste, putrescible 49 

Water-hemlock 87 

Water, boiled 39 

rain 39 

Wells, water-supply from 40 

Yellow-fever 69 



SHORT-TITLE CATALOGUE 

OF THE 

PUBLICATIONS 

OP 

JOHN WILEY & SONS, 

New York. 
Lohdoh: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited. 



ARRANGED UNDER SUBJECTS. 



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at net prices only, a double asterisk (**) books sold under the rules of the 'American 
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1 



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Snow's Principal Species of Wood 8vo, 3 50 

Sondericker's Graphic Statics with Applications to Trusses, Beams, and Arches. 

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2 



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3 



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Fletcher's Practical Instructions in Quantitative Assaying with the Blowpipe. 

i2mo, morocco, i 50 

Fowler's Sewage Works Analyses i2mo. 2 00 

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4 



7 


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* Reisig's Guide to Piece-dyeing 8vo, 25 00 

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Rideal's Sewage and the Bacterial Purification of Sewage 8vo, 3 50 

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Merriman and Brooks's Handbook for Surveyors i6mo, morocco, 2 00 

Kugent's Plane Surveying 8vo, 3 50 

Ogden's Sewer Design nmo, 2 00 

Patton's Treatise on Civil Engineering 8vo half leather, 7 50 

Reed's Topographical Drawing and Sketching 4to, 5 00 

Rideal's Sewage and the Bacterial Purification of Sewage 8vo, 3 50 

Siebert and Biggin's Modern Stone-cutting and Masonry 8vo, 1 50 

Smith's Manual of Topographical Drawing. (McMillan.) 8vo, 2 50 

Sondericker's Graphic Statics, with Applications to Trusses, Beams, and Arches. 

8vo, 2 00 

Taylor and Thompson's Treatise on Concrete, Plain and Reinforced 8vo, 5 00 

* Trautwine's Civil Engineer's Pocket-book i6mo, morocco, 5 00 

Wait's Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence 8vo, 6 00 

Sheep, 6 50 
Law of Operations Preliminary to Construction in Engineering and Archi- 
tecture 8vo, 5 00 

Sheep, 5 50 

Law of Contracts 8vo, 3 00 

Warren's Stereotomy — Problems in Stone-cutting 8vo, 2 50 

Webb's Problems in the Use and Adjustment of Engineering Instruments. 

i6mo, morocco, 1 25 

* Wheeler s Elementary Course of Civil Engineering 8vo, 4 00 

Wilson's Topographic Surveying 8vo, 3 50 

BRIDGES AND ROOFS. 

Boiler's Practical Treatise on the Construction of Iron Highway Bridges. .8vo, 2 00 

* Thames River Bridge 4to, paper, 5 00 

Burr's Course on the Stresses in Bridges and Roof Trusses, Arched Ribs, and 

Suspension Bridges 8vo, 3 50 

Burr and Falk's Influence Lines for Bridge and Roof Computations. . . .8vo, 3 00 

Du Bois's Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. II Small 4to, 10 00 

Foster's Treatise on Wooden Trestle Bridges 4to, 5 00 

Fowler's Ordinary Foundations 8vo, 3 50 

Greene's Roof Trusses 8vo, 1 25 

Bridge Trusses 8vo, 2 50 

Arches in Wood, Iron, and Stone 8vo, 2 50 

Howe's Treatise on Arches 8vo, 4 00 

Design of Simple Roof-trusses in Wood and Steel 8vo, 2 00 

Johnson, Bryan, and Turneaure's Theory and Practice in the Designing of 

Modern Framed Structures Small 4to, 10 00 

Merriman and Jacoby's Text-book on Roofs and Bridges : 

Part I. Stresses in Simple Trusses 8vo, 

Part H. Graphic Statics 8vo, 

Part III. Bridge Design 8vo, 

Part IV. Higher Structures 8vo, 

Morison's Memphis Bridge 4to, 

Waddell's De Pontibus, a Pocket-book for Bridge Engineers. . i6mo, morocco, 

Specifications for Steel Bridges nmo. 

Wood's Treatise on the Theory of the Construction of Bridges and Roofs . . 8vo, 
Wright's Designing of Draw-spans : 

Part I. Plate-girder Draws 8vo, 

Part II. Riveted-truss and Pin-connected Long-span Draws 8vo, 

Two parts in one volume 8vo, 

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HYDRAULICS. 

Bazin's Experiments upon the Contraction of the Liquid Vein Issuing from 

an Orifice. (Trautwine.) 8vo, 2 00 

Bovey's Treatise on Hydraulics 8vo, 5 00 

Church's Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 00 

Diagrams of Mean Velocity of Water in Open Channels paper, 1 50 

Coffin's Graphical Solution of Hydraulic Problems i6mo, morocco, 2 50 

Flather's Dynamometers, and the Measurement of Power nmo, 3 00 

Folwell's Water-supply Engineering 8vo, 4 00 

Frizell's Water-power 8vo, 5 00 

Fuertes's Water and Public Health i2mo, 1 50 

Water-filtration Works nmo, 2 50 

Ganguillet and Kutter's General Formula for the Uniform Flow of Water in 

Rivers and Other Channels. (Hering and Trautwine.) 8vo, 4 00 

Hazen's Filtration of Public Water-supply 8vo, 3 00 

Hazlehurst's Towers and Tanks for Water-works 8vo, 2 50 

Herschel's 115 Experiments on the Carrying Capacity of Large, Riveted, Metal 

Conduits 8vo, 2 00 

Mason's Water-supply. (Considered Principally from a Sanitary Standpoint.) 

8vo, 4 00 

Merriman's Treatise on Hydraulics 8vo, 5 00 

* Michie's Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 4 00 

Schuyler's Reservoirs for Irrigation, Water-power, and Domestic Water- 
supply Large 8vo, 5 00 

** Thomas and Watt's Improvement of Rivers. (Post., 44c. additional.) . 4to, 6 00 

Turneaure and Russell's Public Water-supplies 8vo, 5 00 

Wegmann's Design and Construction of Dams 4to, 5 00 

Water-supply of the City of New York from 1658 to 1895 4to, 10 00 

Williams and Hazen's Hydraulic Tables 8vo, 1 50 

Wilson's Irrigation Engineering Small 8vo, 4 00 

Wolff's Windmill as a Prime Mover 8vo, 3 00 

Wood's Turbines 8vo, 2 50 

Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 3 00 

MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING. 

Baker's Treatise on Masonry Construction 8vo, 5 00 

Roads and Pavements 8vo, 5 00 

Black's United States Public Works Oblong 4to, 5 00 

Bovey's Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures 8vo, 7 50 

Burr's Elasticity and Resistance of the Materials of Engineering 8vo, 7 50 

Byrne's Highway Construction 8vo, 5 00 

Inspection of the Materials and Workmanship Employed in Construction. 

i6mo, 3 00 

Church's Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 00 

Du Bois's Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. I Small 4to, 7 50 

*Eckel's Cements, Limes, and Plasters 8vo, 6 00 

Johnson's Materials of Construction Large 8vo, 6 00 

Fowler's Ordinary Foundations 8vo, 3 50 

Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, 2 50 

Lanza's Applied Mechanics 8vo, 7 50 

Marten's Handbook on Testing Materials. (Henning.) 2 vols 8vo, 7 50 

Merrill's Stones for Building and Decoration 8vo, 5 00 

Merriman's Mechanics of Materials. 8vo, 5 00 

Strength of Materials nmo, 1 00 

Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users i2mo, 2 00 

Patton's Practical Treatise on Foundations 8vo, 5 00 

Richardson's Modern Asphalt Pavements 8vo, 3 00 

Richey's Handbook for Superintendents of Construction i6mo, mor., 4 00 

Rockwell's Roads and Pavements in France nmo, 1 25 

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Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints and Varnish 8vo, 

Smith's Materials of Machines i2mo, 

Snow's Principal Species of Wood 8vo, 

Spalding's Hydraulic Cement c . . . . i2mo, 

Text-book on Roads and Pavements i2mo, 

Taylor and Thompson's Treatise on Concrete, Plain and Reinforced 8vo, 

Thurston's Materials of Engineering. 3 Parts 8vo, 

Part I. Non-metallic Materials of Engineering and Metallurgy 8vo, 

Part II. Iron and Steel 8vo, 

Part III. A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their 

Constituents 8vo, 

Thurston's Text-book of the Materials of Construction 8vo, 

Tilison's Street Pavements and Paving Materials 8vo, 

Waddell's De Pontibus. ( A Pocket-book for Bridge Engineers.) . . i6mo, mor., 

Specifications for Stt i Bridges i2mo, 

Wood's (De V.) Treatise on the Resistance of Materials, and an Appendix on 

the Preservation of Timber , 8vo, 

Wood's (De V.) Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 

Wood'j (M. P.) Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and 

Steel 8vo, 4 00 

RAILWAY ENGINEERING. 

Andrew's Handbook for Street Railway Engineers 3x5 inches, morocco, 1 25 

Berg's Buildings and Structures of American Railroads 4to, 5 00 

Brook's Handbook of Street Railroad Location i6mo, morocco, 1 50 

Butt's Civil Engineer's Field-book i6mo, morocco, 2 50 

Crandall's Transition Curve i6mo, morocco, 1 50 

Railway and Other Earthwork Tables 8vo, 1 50 

Dawson's "Engineering" and Electric Traction Pocket-book. . i6mo, morocco, 5 00 

Dredge's History of the Pennsylvania Railroad: (1879) Paper, 5 00 

* Drinker's Tunnelling, Explosive Compounds, and Rock Drills. 4to, half mor., 25 00 

Fisher's Table of Cubic Yards Cardboard, 25 

Godwin's Railroad Engineers' Field-book and Explorers' Guide. . . i6mo, mor., 2 50 

Howard's Transition Curve Field-book i6mo, morocco, 1 50 

Hudson's Tables for Calculating the Cubic Contents of Excavations and Em- 
bankments 8vo, 1 00 

Molitor and Beard's Manual for Resident Engineers i6mo, 1 00 

Nagle's Field Manual for Railroad Engineers i6mc, morocco, 3 00 

Philbrick's Field Manual for Engineers i6mo, morocco, 3 00 

Searles's Field Engineering i6mo, morocco, 3 00 

Railroad Spiral i6mo, morocco, 1 50 

Taylor's Prismoidal Formulae and Earthwork 8vo, 1 50 

* Trautwine's Method of Calculating the Cube Contents of Excavations and 

Embankments by the Aid of Diagrams 8vo, 2 00 

The Field Practice of Laying Out Circular Curves for Railroads. 

» i2mo, morocco, 2 50 

Cross-section Sheet ? Paper, 25 

Webb's Railroad Construction i6mo, morocco, 5 00 

Wellington's Economic Theory of the Location of Railways Small 8vo, 5 00 

DRAWING. 

Barr's Kinematics of Machinery. 8vo, 2 50 

* Bartlett's Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 3 00 

* " " " Abridged Ed 8vo, 1 50 

Coolidge's Manual of Drawing 8vo, paper 1 00 

Coolidge and Freeman's Elements of General Drafting for Mechanical Engi- 
neers Oblong 4to, 2 50 

Durley's Kinematics of Machines 8vo, 4 00 

Emch's Introduction to Projective Geometry and its Applications 8vo. 2 50 



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Hill's Text-book on Shades and Shadows, and Perspective 8vo, 

Jamison's Elements of Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 

Advanced Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 

Jones's Machine Design: 

Part I. Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 

Part II. Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts 8vo, 

MacCord's Elements of Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 

Kinematics; or, Practical Mechanism 8vo, 

Mechanical Drawing 4to, 

Velocity Diagrams 8vo, 

* Mahan's Descriptive Geometry and Stone-cutting 8vo, 

Industrial Drawing. (Thompson.) 8vo, 

Moyer's Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 

Reed's Topographical Drawing and Sketching 4to, 

Reid's Course in Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 

Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design. 8vo, 

Robinson's Principles of Mechanism 8vo, 

Schwamb and Merrill's Elements of Mechanism 8vo, 

Smith's Manual of Topographical Drawing. (McMillan.) 8vo, 

Warren's Elements of Plane and Solid Free-hand Geometrical Drawing. i2mo, 

Drafting Instruments and Operations nmo, 

Manual of Elementary Projection Drawing. , i2mo, 

Manual of Elementary Problems in the Linear Perspective of Form and 

Shadow i2mo, i oo 

Plane Problems in Elementary Geometry nmo, i 25 

Primary Geometry i2mo, 75 

Elements of Descriptive Geometry, Shadows, and Perspective 8vo, 3 50 

General Problems of Shades and Shadows 8vo, 3 00 

Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing 8vo, 7 50 

Problems, Theorems, and Examples in Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 2 50 

Weisbach's Kinematics and Power of Transmission. (Hermann and Klein)8vo, 5 00 

Whelpley's Practical Instruction in the Ait of Letter Engraving i2mo, 2 00 

Wilson's (H. M.) Topographic Surveying 8vo, 3 50 

Wilson's (V. T.) Free-hand Perspective 8vo, 2 50 

Wilson's (V. T.) Free-hand Lettering 8vo, 1 00 

Woolf's Elementary Course in Descriptive Geometry Large 8vo, 3 00 



ELECTRICITY AND PHYSICS. 

Anthony and Brackett's Text-book of Physics. (Magie.) Small 8vo, 

Anthony's Lecture-notes on the Theory of Electrical Measurements. . . .i2mo, 
Benjamin's History of Electricity, 8vo, 

Voltaic Cell 8vo, 

Classen's Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Electrolysis. (Boltwood.).Svo, 

Crehore and Squier's Polarizing Photo-chronograph 8vo, 

Dawson's "Engineering" and Electric Traction Pocket-book. i6mo, morocco, 
Dolezalek's Theory of the Lead Accumulator (Storage Battery). (Von 

Ende.) i2mo, 

Duhem's Thermodynamics and Chemistry. (Burgess.) 8vo, 

Flather's Dynamometers, and the Measurement of Power 121110, 

Gilbert's De Magnete. (Mottelay.) 8vo, 

Hanchett's Alternating Currents Explained i2mo, 

Hering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors) i6mo, morocco, 

Holman's Precision of Measurements 8vo, 

Telescopic Mirror-scale Method, Adjustments, and Tests. . . .Large 8vo, 

Kinzbrunner's Testing of Continuous-Current Machines 8vo, 

Landauer's Spectrum Analysis. (Tingle, ) 8vo { 

Le Chateiien's High-temperature Measurements. (Boudouard — Burgess.) i2mo, 
Lob's Electrolysis and Electrosynthesis of Organic Compounds. (Lorenz.) i2mo, 



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* Lyons's Treatise on Electromagnetic Phenomena. Vols. I. and II. 8vo, each, 6 oo 

* Michie's Elements of Wave Motion Relating to Sound and Light 8vo, 4 00 

Niaudet's Elementary Treatise on Electric Batteries. (Fishback.) i2mo, 2 50 

* Rosenberg's Electrical Engineering. (Haldane Gee — Kinzbrunner.). . .8vo, 1 50 

Ryan, Norris, and Hoxie's Electrical Machinery. Vol. I ,8vo, 2 50 

Thurston's Stationary Steam-engines 8vo, 2 50 

* Tillman's Elementary Lessons in Heat 8vo, 1 50 

Tory and Pitcher's Manual of Laboratory Physics Small 8vo, 2 00 

Ulke's Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining 8vo, 3 00 

LAW. 

* Davis's Elements of Law 8vo, 2 50 

* Treatise on the Military Law of United States 8vo, 7 00 

* Sheep, 7 So 

Manual for Courts-martial i6mo, morocco, 1 50 

Wait's Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence 8vo, 6 00 

Sheep, 6 50 
Law of Operations Preliminary to Construction in Engineering and Archi- 
tecture 8vo, 5 00 

Sheep, 5 50 

Law of Contracts 8vo, 3 00 

Winthrop's Abridgment of Military Law. i2mo, 2 50 

MANUFACTURES. 

Bernadou's Smokeless Powder — Nitro-cellulose and Theory of the Cellulose 

Molecule i2mo, 2 50 

Bolland's Iron Founder i2mo, 2 50 

" The Iron Founder," Supplement i2mo, 2 50 

Encyclopedia of Founding and Dictionary of Foundry Terms Used in the 

Practice of Moulding i2mo, 3 00 

Eissler's Modern High Explosives 8vo, 4 00 

Effront's Enzymes and their Applications. (Prescott.) 8vo, 3 00 

Fitzgerald's Boston Machinist i2mo, 1 00 

Ford's Boiler Making for Boiler Makers i8mo, 1 00 

Hopkin's Oil-chemists* Handbook 8vo, 3 00 

Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, 2 50 

Leach's The Inspection and Analysis of Food with Special Reference to State 

Control. Large 8vo, 7 50 

Matthews's The Textile Fibres 8vo, 3 50 

Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users i2mo, 2 00 

Metcalfe's Cost of Manufactures — And the Administration of Workshops 8vo, 5 00 

Meyer's Modern Locomotive Construction 4to, 10 00 

Morse's Calculations used in Cane-sugar Factories i6mo, morocco, 1 50 

* Reisig's Guide to Piece-dyeing 8vo, 25 00 

Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints and Varnish 8vo, 3 00 

Smith's Press-working of Metals 8vo, 3 00 

Spalding's Hydraulic Cement i2tno, 2 00 

Spencer's Handbook for Chemists of Beet-sugar Houses. ... i6mo, morocco, 3 00 

Handbook for Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists. . i6mo, morocco, 2 00 

Taylor and Thompson's Treatise on Concrete, Plain and Reinforced 8vo, 5 00 

Thurston's Manual of Steam-boilers, their Designs, Construction and Opera- 
tion 8vo, 5 00 

* Walke's Lectures on Explosives 8vo, 4 00 

Ware's Manufacture of Sugar. (In press.) 

West's American Foundry Practice i2mo, 2 50 

Moulder's Text-book i2mo, 2 50 

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Wolff's Windmill as a Prime Mover 8vo, 3 00 

Wood's Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel. .8vo, 4 oe 



MATHEMATICS. 

Baker's Elliptic Functions 8vo, 1 50 

* Bass's Elements of Differential Calculus i2mo, 4 do 

Briggs's Elements of Plane Analytic Geometry i2mo, 1 00 

Compton's Manual of Logarithmic Computations i2mo, 1 50 

Davis's Introduction to the Logic of Algebra 8vo, 1 50 

* Dickson's College Algebra Large nmo, 1 50 

* Introduction to the Theory Of Algebraic Equations Large i2mo, 1 25 

Emch's Introduction to Projective Geometry and its Applications 8vo, 2 50 

Halsted's Elements of Geometry 8vo, 1 75 

Elementary Synthetic Geometry 8vo, 1 50 

Rational Geometry nmo, 1 75 

* Johnson's (J. B.) Three-place Logarithmic Tables: Vest-pocket size. paper, 15 

100 copies for 5 00 

* Mounted on heavy cardboard, 8X 10 inches, 25 

10 copies for 2 00 

Johnson's (W. W.) Elementary Treatise on Differential Calculus . . Small 8vo, 3 00 

Johnson's (W. W.) Elementary Treatise on the Integral Calculus . Small 8vo, 1 50 

Johnson's (W. W.) Curve Tracing in Cartesian Co-ordinates i2mo, 1 00 

Johnson's (W. W.) Treatise on Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations. 

Small 8vo, 3 50 

Johnson's (W. W.) Theory of Errors and the Method of Least Squares. i2mo, 1 50 

* Johnson's (W. W.) Theoretical Mechanics i2mo, 3 00 

Laplace's Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. (Truscott and Emory.) . i2mo, 2 00 

* Ludlow and Bass. Elements of Trigonometry and Logarithmic and Other 

Tables 8vo, 3 00 

Trigonometry and Tables published separately Each, 2 00 

* Ludlow's Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables 8vo, 1 00 

Maurer's Technical Mechanics 8vo, 4 00 

Merriman and Woodward's Higher Mathematics. , 8vo, 5 00 

Merriman's Method of Least Squares 8vo, 2 00 

Rice and Johnson's Elementary Treatise on the Differential Calculus. . Sm. 8vo, 3 00 

Differential and Integral Calculus. 2 vols, in one Small 8vo, 2 50 

Wood's Elements of Co-ordinate Geometry 8vo, 2 00 

Trigonometry: Analytical, Plane, and Spherical i2mo, 1 00 



MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. 

MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING, STEAM-ENGINES AND BOILERS. 

Bacon's Forge Practice. i2mo, 1 50 

Baldwin's Steam Heating for Buildings i2mo, 2 50 

Barr's Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 2 50 

* Bartlett's Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 3 00 

* " " " Abridged Ed 8vo, 1 50 

Benjamin's Wrinkles and Recipes i2mo, 2 00 

Carpenter's Experimental Engineering 8vo, 6 00 

Heating and Ventilating Buildings 8vo, 4 00 

Cary's Smoke Suppression in Plants using Bituminous Coal. (In Prepara- 
tion.) 

Clerk's Gas and Oil Engine Small 8vo, 4 00 

Coolidge's Manual of Drawing 8vo, paper, 1 00 

Coolidge and Freeman's Elements of General Drafting for Mechanical En- 
gineers Oblong 4to, 2 50 

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Cromwell's Treatise on Toothed Gearing nmo, 

.Treatise on Belts and Pulleys i2mo, 

Durley's Kinematics of Machines 8vo, 

Flather's Dynamometers and the Measurement of Power i2mo, 

Rope Driving i2mo, 

Gill's Gas and Fuel Analysis for Engineers i2mo, 

Hall's Car Lubrication i2mo, 

Hering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors) i6mo, morocco, 

Hutton's The Gas Engine 8vo, 

Jamison's Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 

Jones's Machine Design: 

Part I. Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 

Part II. Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts 8vo, 

Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Pocket-book i6mo, morocco, 

Kerr's Power and Power Transmission 8vo, 

Leonard's Machine Shop, Tools, and Methods 8vo, 

*Lorenz's Modern Refrigerating Machinery. (Pope, Haven, and Dean.) . . 8vo, 

MacCord's Kinematics; or, Practical Mechanism 8vo, 

Mechanical Drawing ■ 4to, 

Velocity Diagrams 8vo, 

Mahan's Industrial Drawing. (Thompson.) 8vo, 

Poole s Calorific Power of Fuels ' 8vo, 

Reid's Course in Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 

Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design. 8vo, 

Richard's Compressed Air i2mo, 

Robinson's Principles of Mechanism 8vo, 

Schwamb and Merrill's Elements of Mechanism 8vo, 

Smith's Press-working of Metals 8vo, 

Thurston's Treatise on Friction and Lost Work in Machinery and Mill 

Work 8vo, 

Animal as a Machine and Prime Motor, and the Laws of Energetics. i2mo, 

Warren's Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing 8vo, 

Weisbach's Kinematics and the Power of Transmission. (Herrmann — 

Klein.) 8vo, 

Machinery of Transmission and Governors. (Herrmann — Klein.). .8vo, 

Wolff's Windmill as a Prime Mover 8vo, 

Wood's Turbines , 8vo, 



MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING. 

Bovey's Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures 8vo, 7 50 

Burr's Elasticity and Resistance of the Materials of Engineering. 6th Edition. 

Reset 8vo, 7 50 

Church's Mechanics of Engineering , 8vo, 6 00 

Johnson's Materials of Construction 8vo, 6 00 

Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, 2 50 

Lanza's Applied Mechanics 8vo, 7 50 

Martens's Handbook on Testing Materials. (Henning.) 8vo, 7 50 

Merriman's Mechanics of Materials. 8vo, 5 00 

Strength of Materials i2mo, 1 00 

Metcalf's Steel. A manual for Steel-users i2mo. 2 ©o 

Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints and Varnish 8vo, 3 00 

Smith's Materials of Machines i2mo, 1 00 

Thurston's Materials of Engineering 3 vols., 8vo, 8 00 

Part II. Iron and Steel 8vo, 3 50 

Part III. A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their 

Constituents 8vo, 2 50 

Text-book of the Materials of Construction 8vo, 5 00 

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Wood's (De V.) Treatise on the Resistance of Materials and an Appendix on 

the Preseivation of Timber 8vo, 2 00 

Wood's (De V.) Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 3 00 

Wood's (M. P.) Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and 

SteaL 8vo, 4 00 



STEAM-ENGINES AND BOILERS. 



Berry's Temperature-entropy Diagram i2mc, 1 25 

Carnot's Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat. (Thurston.) i2mo, 1 50 

Dawson's " Engineering" and Electric Traction Pocket-book. . . .i6mo, mor., 5 00 

Ford's Boiler Making for Boiler Makers i8mo, 1 00 

Goss's Locomotive Sparks 8vo, 2 00 

Hemenway's Indicator Practice and Steam-engine Economy. i2mo, 2 00 

Hutton's Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants 8vo, 5 00 

Heat and Heat-engines 8vo, 5 00 

Kent's Steam boiler Economy ■. 8vo, 4 00 

Kneass's Practice and Theory of the Injector 8vo, 1 50 

MacCord's Slide-valves „ 8vo, 2 00 

Meyer's Modern Locomotive Construction 4to, 10 00 

Peabody's Manual of the Steam-engine Indicator i2mo, 1 50 

Tables of the Properties of Saturated Steam and Other Vapors 8vo, 1 00 

Thermodynamics of the Steam-engine and Other Heat-engines 8vo, 5 00 

Valve-gears for Steam-engines 8vo, 2 50 

Peabody and Miller's Steam-boilers 8vo, 4 00 

Pray's Twenty Years with the Indicator. .Large 8vo, 2 50 

Pupin's Thermodynamics of Reversible Cycles in Gases and Saturated Vapors. 

(Osterberg.) i2mo, 1 25 

Reagan's Locomotives: Simple Compound, and Electric i2mo, 2 50 

Rontgen's Principles of Thermodynamics. (Du Bois.) 8vo, 5 00 

Sinclair's Locomotive Engine Running and Management i2mo, 2 00 

Smart's Handbook of Engineering Laboratory Practice 121110, 2 50 

Snow's Steam-boiler Practice 8vo, 3 00 

Spangier's Valve-gears. 8vo, 2 50 

Notes on Thermodynamics i2mo, 1 00 

Spangler, Greene, and Marshall's Elements of Steam-engineering 8vo, 3 00 

Thurston's Handy Tables 8vo, 1 50 

Manual of the Steam-engine 2 vols., 8vo, 10 00 

Part I. History, Structure, and Theory 8vo, 6 00 

Part II. Design, Construction, and Operation 8vo, 6 00 

Handbook of Engine and Boiler Trials, and the Use of the Indicator and 

the Prony Brake 8vo, 5 00 

Stationary Steam-engines 8vo, 2 50 

Steam-boiler Explosions in Theory and in Practice i2mo, 1 50 

Manual of Steam-boilers, their Designs, Construction, and Operation 8vo, 5 00 

Weisbach's Heat, Steam, and Steam-engines. (Du Bois.) 8vo, 5 00 

Whitham's Steam-engine Design 8vo, 5 00 

Wilson's Treatise on Steam-boilers. (Flather.) i6mo, 2 50 

Wood's Thermodynamics, Heat Motors, and Refrigerating Machines. . .8vo, 4 00 



MECHANICS AND MACHINERY. 

Barr's Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 2 50 

Bovey's Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures 8vo, 7 50 

Chase's The Art of Pattern-making *. . . . i2mo, 2 50 

Church!s Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 00 

15 



Church's Notes and Examples in Mechanics 8vo> 2 00 

Compton's First Lessons in Metal-working i2mo, 1 50 

Compton and De Groodt's The Speed Lathe i2mo, 1 50 

Cromwell's Treatise on Toothed Gearing i2mo, 1 50 

Treatise on Belts and Pulleys i2mo, 1 50 

Dana's Text-book of Elementary Mechanics for Colleges and Schools. . i2mo, 1 50 

Dingey's Machinery Pattern Making i2mo, 2 00 

Dredge's Record of the Transportation Exhibits Building of the World's 

Columbian Exposition of 1893 4to half morocco, 5 00 

Du Bois's Elementary Principles of Mechanics : 

Vol. I. Kinematics 8vo, 3 50 

Vol. II. Statics 8vo, 4 00 

Vol. III. Kinetics 8vo, 3 50 

Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. I Small 4to, 7 50 

Vol. II Small 4to, 10 00 

Durley's Kinematics of Machines 8vo, 4 00 

Fitzgerald's Boston Machinist i6mo, 1 00 

Flather's Dynamometers, and the Measurement of Power 12 mo, 3 00 

Rope Driving i2mo, 2 00 

Goss's Locomotive Sparks 8vo, 2 00 

Hall's Car Lubrication 121110, 1 00 

Holly's Art of Saw Filing i8mo, 75 

James's Kinematics of a Point and the Rational Mechanics of a Particle. Sm .8vc,2 00 

* Johnson's (W. W.) Theoretical Mechanics i2mo, 3 00 

Johnson's (L. J.) Statics by Graphic and Algebraic Methods 8vo, 2 00 

Jones's Machine Design: 

Part I. Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 1 50 

Part II. Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts 8vo, 3 00 

Kerr's Power and Power Transmission 8vo, 2 00 

Lanza's Applied Mechanics '. 8vo, 7 50 

Leonard's Machine Shop, Tools, and Methods 8vo, 4 00 

*Lorenz's Modern Refrigerating Machinery. (Pope, Haven, and Dean.). 8vo, 4 00 

MacCord's Kinematics; or, Practical Mechanism 8vo, 5 00 

Velocity Diagrams 8vo, 1 50 

Maurer's Technical Mechanics 8vo, 4 00 

Merriman's Mechanics of Materials 8vo, 5 00 

* Elements of Mechanics i2mo, 1 00 

* Michie's Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 4 00 

Reagan's Locomotives: Simple, Compound, and Electric i2mo > 2 50 

Reid's Course in Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 00 

Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design. 8vo, 3 00 

Richards's Compressed Air i2mo, 1 50 

Robinson's Principles of Mechanism 8vo, 3 00 

Ryan, Norris, and Hoxie's Electrical Machinery. Vol. 1 8vo, 2 50 

Schwamb and Merrill's Elements of Mechanism 8vo, 3 00 

Sinclair's Locomotive-engine Running and Management i2mo, 2 00 

Smith's (0.) Press-working of Metals 8vo, 3 00 

Smith's (A. W.) Materials of Machines i2mo, 1 00 

Spangler, Greenland Marshall's Elements of Steam-engineering 8vo, 3 00 

Thurston's Treatise on Friction and Lost Y/ork in Machinery and Mill 

Work 8vo, 3 00 

Animal as a Machine and Prime Motor, and the Laws of Energetics. 

i2mo, 1 00 

Warren's Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing 8vo, 7 50 

Weisbach's^Kinematics and Power of Transmission. (Herrmann — Klein. ) . 8vo, 5 00 

Machinery of Transmission and Governors. (Herrmann — Klein. ).8vo, 5 00 

Wood's Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 3 00 

Principles of Elementary Mechanics i2mo, 1 25 

Turbines 8vo, 2 50 

The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 4to, 1 00 

14 



METALLURGY. 

Egleston's Metallurgy of Silver, Gold, and Mercury: 

Vol. t Silver 8vo, 7 So 

Vol. II. Gold and Mercury 8vo, 7 50 

** Iles's Lead-smelting. (Postage 9 cents additional.) i2mo, 2 50 

Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, 2 50 

JKunhardt's Practice of Ore Dressing in Europe 8vo, 1 50 

Le Chatelier's High-temperature Measuremepts. (Boudouard — Burgess. )i2mo, 3 00 

Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users- i2mo, 2 00 

Smith's Materials of Machines i2mo, 1 00 

Thurston's Materials of Engineering. In Three Parts 8vo. 8 00 

Part II. Iron and Steel 8vo, 3 50 

Part III. A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their 

Constituents 8vo, 2 50 

Ulke*s Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining 8vo, 3 00 

MINERALOGY. 

Barringer's Description of Minerals of Commercial Value. Oblong, morocco, 2 50 

Boyd's Resources of Southwest Virginia 8vo, 3 00 

Map of Southwest Virignia Pocket-book form. 2 00 

Brush's Manual of Determinative Mineralogy. (Penfield.) 8vo, 4 00 

Chester's Catalogue of Minerals 8vo, paper, 1 00 

Cloth, 1 25 

Dictionary of the Names of Minerals 8vo, 3 50 

Dana's System of Mineralogy Large 8vo, half leather, 12 50 

First Appendix to Dana's New " System of Mineralogy." Large 8vo, 1 00 

Text-book of Mineralogy 8vo, 4 00 

Minerals and How to Study Them i2mo, 1 50 

Catalogue of American Localities of Minerals Large 8vo, 1 00 

Manual of Mineralogy and Petrography i2mo, 2 00 

Douglas's Untechnical Addresses on Technical Subjects i2mo, 1 00 

Eakle's Mineral Tables 8vo, 1 25 

Egleston's Catalogue of Minerals and Synonyms 8vo, 2 50 

Hussak's The Determination of Rock-forming Minerals. ( Smith.). Small 8 vo, 2 00 

Merrill's Non-metallic Minerals: Their Occurrence and Uses 8vo, 4 00 

* Penfield's Notes on Determinative Mineralogy and Record of Mineral Tests. 

8vo paper, o 50 
Rosenbusch's Microscopical Physiography of the Rock-making Minerals. 

(Iddings.) 8vo, 5 00 

* Tillman's Text-book of Important Minerals and Rocks .8vo, 2 00 

Williams's Manual of Lithology 8vo, 3 00 

MINING. 

Beard's Ventilation of Mines , i2mo. 2 50 

Boyd's Resources of Southwest Virginia 8vo. 3 00 

Map of Southwest Virginia Pocket book form, 2 00 

Douglas's Untechnical Addresses on Technical Subjects i2mo. 1 00 

* Drinker's Tunneling, Explosive Compounds, and Rock Drills. ,4to,hf. mor., 25 00 

Eissler's Modern High Explosives 8vo. 4 00 

Fowler's Sewage Works Analyses. . i2mo, 2 00 

Goodyear 's Coal-mines of the Western Coast of the United States i2mo, 2 50 

Ihlseng's Manual of Mining 8va. 5 00 

** Iles's Lead-smelting. (Postage 9c. additional.). ..... ^ 12010, 2 50 

Kunhardt's Practice of Ore Dressing in Europe 8vo, 1 50 

O'Driscoll's Notes on the Treatment of Gold Ores 8vo. 2 00 

* Walke's Lectures on Explosives 8vo, 4 00 

Wilson's Cyanide Processes , i2mo, 1 50 

Chlorination Process , . . , i2mo, 1 50 

15 



Wilson's Hydraulic and Placer Mining i2mo 

Treatise on Practical and Theoretical Mine Ventilation I2mo ' 

SANITARY SCIENCE. 

Bashore's Sanitation of a Country House I2mo 

Folwell's Sewerage. (Designing, Construction, and Maintenance.) 8vo', 

Water-supply Engineering 8 V0> 

Fuertes's Water and Public Health. i2mo, 

Water-filtration Works i2mo 

Gerhard's Guide to Sanitary House-inspection i6mo, 

Goodrich's Economic Disposal of Town's Refuse Demy 8vo, 

Hazen's Filtration of Public Water-supplies 8vo, 

Leach's The Inspection and Analysis of Food with Special Reference to State 

Control 8vo, 

Mason's Water-supply. (Considered principally from a Sanitary Standpoint) 8vo, 

Examination of Water. (Chemical and Bacteriological.) .i2mo, 

Merriman's Elements of Sanitary Engineering 8vo, 

Ogden's Sewer Design i2mo, 

Prescott and Winslow's Elements of Water Bacteriology, with Special Refer- 
ence to Sanitary Water Analysis i2mo, 

* Price's Handbook on Sanitation i2mo, 

Richards's Cost of Food. A Study in Dietaries i2mo, 

Cost of Living as Modified by Sanitaiy Science i2mo, 

Richards and Woodman's Air, Water, and Food from a Sanitary Stand- 
point 8vo, 

* Richards and Williams's The Dietary Computer 8vo, 

Rideal's Sewage and Bacterial Purification of Sewage 8vo, 

Turneaure and Russell's Public Water-supplies 8vo, 

Von Behring's Suppression of Tuberculosis. (Bolduan.) i2mo, 

Whipple's Microscopy of Drinking-water 8vo, 

Woodhull's Notes on Military Hygiene i6mo, 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

De Fursac's Manual of Psychiatry. (Rosanoff and Collins.). . . .Large i2mo, 2 50 
Emmons's Geological Guide-book of the Rocky Mountain Excursion of the 

International Congress of Geologists .Large 8vo, 1 50 

Ferrel's Popular Treatise on the Winds 8vo. 4 00 

Haines's American Railway Management 12 mo, 2 50 

Mott's Composition, Digestibility, and Nutritive Value of Food. Mounted chart, 1 25 

Fallacy of the Present Theory of Sound i6mo, 1 00 

Ricketts's History of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1824-1894. .Small 8vo, 3 00 

Rostoski's Serum Diagnosis. (Bolduan.) i2mo. 1 00 

Rotherham's Emphasized New Testament Large 8vo, 2 00 

Steel's Treatise on the Diseases of the Dog 8vo, 3 5° 

Totten's Important Question in Metrology 8vo, 2 50 

The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 4to, 1 00 

Von Behring's Suppression of Tuberculosis. (Bolduan.) i2mo, 1 00 

Winslow's Elements of Applied Microscopy i2mo, 1 50 

Worcester and Atkinson. Small Hospitals, Establishment and Maintenance; 

Suggestions for Hospital Architecture: Plans for Small Hospital. 1 2mo, 1 25 

HEBREW AND CHALDEE TEXT-BOOKS. 

Green's Elementary Hebrew Grammar i2mo, 1 25 

Hebrew Chrestomathy 8vo, 2 00. 

Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon tc the Old Testament Scriptures. 

(Tregelles.) Small 4to, half morocco, 5 00 

Lettews's Hebrew Bible 8vo, 2 25 

16 



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MAY 18 1908 



